The question of what is the difference between:
Israelite or Israeli --"Children of Jacob or Israel" the Twelve Tribes, all the King David's and King Solomon's Nation.
Hebrew --A Hebrew were Abraham, Issac and Jacob, as well as those that left Egypt in the Exodus by Moses in Exodus 5:3 "the God of the Hebrews ...", then taken to Mount Horeb. Later they are referred to as the Children of Israel, or Israelites. The Old Meaning in Genesis refers to those that came from the other side, of simple the Others. Being separate, and worshiping only One GOD. I have considered my self a Hebrew for more than 20 years (and a Jew in May 2009), as I accept that GOD IS GOD and the Covenants give at Mt. Horeb and Mt. Sinai, as written. Example:
"(Deuteronomy 29:10) You stand this day all of you before the LORD your God; your captains of your tribes, your elders, and your officers, with all the men of Israel,
(Deuteronomy 29:11)Your little ones, your wives, and the stranger that is in your camp, from the hewer of your wood unto the drawer of your water:
(Deuteronomy 29:12) That you should enter into covenant with the LORD your God, and into his oath, which the LORD your God makes with you this day:
(Deuteronomy 29:13) That he may establish you to day for a people unto himself, and that he may be unto you a God, as he hath said unto you and as he hath sworn unto your fathers, to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob.
(Deuteronomy 29:14) Neither with you only do I make this covenant and this oath; But with him that stands here with us this day before the LORD our God, and also with him that is not here with us this day:" --Now The Nation of Israel crossing the Jordan with Joshua.
Jew -- A Jew is from the tribe of Judah and a member of the Southern Kingdom, which was created as a result of King Solomon's actions against or by turning away from Our GOD. See 1Kings references below.
(1 Kings 11:11) Wherefore the LORD said unto Solomon, because this is done by you and you have not kept my covenant and my statutes, which I have commanded thee, I will surely rend the kingdom from you, and will give it to thy servant. (1 Kings 11:12) Notwithstanding in your days I will not do it for David your father's sake: but I will rend it out of the hand of your son. (1 Kings 11:13) Although I will not rend away all the kingdom; but will give one tribe to your son, for David my servant's sake, and for Jerusalem's sake which I have chosen.
Later:
(1 Kings 11:31) And he said to Jeroboam, Your take ten pieces: for this says the LORD, the God of Israel, Behold, I will rend the kingdom out of the hand of Solomon, and will give ten tribes to you:
(1 Kings 12:22) But the word of God came unto Shemaiah the man of God, saying, (1 Kings 12:23) Speak unto Rehoboam, the son of Solomon, king of Judah, and unto all the house of Judah and Benjamin, and to the remnant of the people, saying,..." So it was done.
Shalom Shalom,
Yaakov
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